UAE Environmental / ESG LawFederal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment

Article (1) Definitions In implementation of the provisions of this law, the following words and phrases shall bear the meanings given opposite each unless the context otherwise requires: State : The United Arab Emirates. Agency : The Federal Environmental Agency. Board of Directors : The Board of Directors of the Agency. Chairman : The Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Agency. Competent Authorities : Local Authorities in each Emirate of the United Arab Emirates. Concerned Parties : All parties concerned with the environmental affairs and development in the United Arab Emirates. Environment : The biosphere in which different forms of life are manifested and consists of two elements: Natural Element: Comprises living creatures to include man, animal, plant, and other living creatures, natural resources to include water, soil, organic and inorganic substances and natural systems. Unnatural Element: Comprises all that man introduced into the natural environment, to include fixed and movable installations, roads, bridges, airports, means of transportation and innovative industries, inventions and technologies. Marine : The marine waters and their contents of natural resources, plants, fishes,

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 3 Environment other marine creatures, and the above atmosphere, as well as fixed and movable installations and projects established in the marine environment. The boundaries of the Marine Environment extend to the economic zone of the State. Water Environment : Marine environment and inland waters including ground, spring and valleys waters and the natural resources, plants, fishes and other living organisms as well as the above atmosphere, fixed and movable installations and projects established on such waters. Ecological Systems : The comprehensive system comprising all components of the natural elements of the environment which complement and interact with each other. Natural Resources : All resources that exist without the involvement of man. Natural Reserves : Land or waters with special environmental nature (birds, animals, fish, plants or natural phenomena) having cultural, aesthetical, or environmental value and determined by a Decree issued by the Cabinet of Ministers in response to a proposal by the Agency or a Resolution by the Competent Authorities. Environment Degradation : The effects, which diminish the value, deform the nature of the environment, deplete the resources or harm living creatures or archaeological sites of the environment. Environment Pollution : Pollution resulting naturally or unnaturally from direct or indirect, intentional or unintentional introduction of any materials or polluting factors into the natural elements of the environment and as a result of which arises any danger to human health, botanical or animal life or harm to the resources and ecosystems. Materials and Pol- luting Factors : Any form of materials such as solids, liquids, gases, smoke, vapours, odor, noise, radiation, heat, light glow or vibrations produced naturally or as a result of human activities that lead directly or indirectly to the pollution and degradation of the environment or harm human beings or living

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 4 creatures. Air Pollution : Any change in the characteristics and properties of the ambient air, and the air in work places and the air in closed and semi-closed public places, produced by natural factors or human activity which may affect human health and the environment. Water Pollution : The introduction of any substance or energy into the water environment by intentional or unintentional, direct or indirect means which adversely affect living or non-living resources, endangers human health or impedes water activities including fishing and tourism or impairs the quality for use or changes the properties of water. Pollutants of Water Environment : Any substance which when discharged int the water environment, directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally changes its properties in a manner which harms human beings and other living creatures or natural resources or the water environment or tourist areas or interferes with other authorized uses of the water environment. Environmental Monitoring Networks : Working units monitoring the components and pollutants of the environment and provide data to relevant parties on regular basis. Environmental Impact Assessment : The study and analysis of environmental feasibility of activities, the establishment and practice of which may affect environmental safety. Environmental Protection : Preservation of the components, properties and natural balance of the environment, prevention and control of pollution, reduction and conservation of natural resources and rationalization, consumption and protection of living creatures which survive in such resources specially endangered species and devoting efforts to the development and upgrading of all these components. Environmental Development : Policies and regulations fulfilling social, cultural and economic needs of sustainable development in the State and achieving the objectives and principles for which this law has been enacted, and most importantly, the

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 5 preservation of natural resources as well as biological diversity and present and future historical, archaeological and natural heritage of the State. Sustainable Development : Linkage of environmental issues with the policy for development and planning to fulfill the needs and aspirations of the present without undermining the ability to achieve future needs and aspirations. Environmental Disaster : The accident resulting from natural or man made factors and causing serious damage to the environment which requires intervention potentials beyond local capabilities. Hazardous Substances : Solid, liquid or gaseous substances having properties harmful to human health or adverse impact on the environment such as toxic substances, explosive, flammable, or ionizing radioactive substances. Harmful Substances : All substances such as chemical, biological or radioactive materials, leading, directly or indirectly, to harmful effects on human health or the environment. Wastes : All hazardous and non-hazardous remnants and wastes, including nuclear wastes, disposed of or need to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the law and include: Solid Wastes: such as domestic, industrial, agricultural, medical, construction and demolition wastes. Liquid Wastes: produced by domestic, commercial, industrial and other premises. Gaseous (smoke, vapour and dust) Wastes: produced by domestic premises, bakeries, incinerators, factories, crushing plants, stone quarries, power stations, oil works and means of transportation and communication. Hazardous Wastes: residues or ash of different activities and operations containing properties of hazardous substances. Medical Wastes: Wastes constituted wholly or partially of human or animal tissues, blood or other body fluids or excretions or drugs or other

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 6 pharmaceutical products or bandages, needles, syringes, sharp medical objects or any other contagious, chemical or radioactive wastes produced by medical or nursing activities, treatment or health care, dentistry or veterinary and pharmaceutical practices or manufacturing, research, teaching, sample taking or storage. Waste Management : Collection, storage, transportation, recycling and disposal of wastes including the care of disposal sites. Waste Handling : All operations from the time of generation of wastes to their safe disposal, including collection, storage, treatment and recycling or disposal. Waste Disposal : Operations no involving extraction or reuse of substances such as burial, deep injection, biological or physical-chemical treatment, permanent storage, destruction or any other method approved by the competent authorities. Waste Recycling : Operations carried out on wastes, for the extraction or reuse of substances such as use for fuel, extraction of metals and organic substances, soil treatment or waste oil refining. Marine Means of Transportation : Means of transportation operating or meant to operate in the marine environment regardless of power, load capacity or purpose of navigation including vessels, scooter boats, hoover crafts and floating objects, fixed and floating platforms and hydroplanes. Means for Oil Transportation : Means used for loading, transportation, pumping or unloading of oil including pipelines. Establishments : Industrial, tourism establishments and establishments for production and generation of electricity and establishments for explorations, production, transportation and use of oil and infrastructure projects and any other establishments Oil : All forms of crude oil and oil products including any kind of liquid- hydrocarbons, lubrication and fuel, refined and furnace oils, tar and other substances extracted from oil or its by products or wastes. Oil Mixture : Any aqueous mixture containing an amount of oil that exceeds 15 ppm.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 7 Dirty Ballast Water : Dirty ballast water disposed off the ship's tank if its oil content exceeds 15 ppm. Discharge : Any leakage, spill, emission or draining of polluting substances or the disposal of such substances into the water environment, land or air. Dumping : a) Any deliberate disposal of pollutants or refuse from ships, aircrafts, quays, or other means into the marine environment. b) Any deliberate dumping from ships or industrial installations or other means into the marine environment. Means of Transportation : Aeroplanes, cars, trains, tractors, motorcycles or other road machineries. Noise : Sounds, vibrations or sound frequencies causing nuisance or harm to public health. Public Premises : Places set up to receive the public or a certain group of people for any purpose. Closed Public Premises : Public places as complete buildings not allowing air entry except through specially designed inlets. Public transportation means are classified among such premises. Semi-Closed Public Premises : Public places such as incomplete buildings allowing air entry but cannot be closed completely.

Article (2) Objectives and General Principles This law aims to achieve the following goals: 1. Protection and conservation of the quality and natural balance of the environment. 2. Control of all forms of pollution and avoidance of any immediate or long-term harmful effects resulting from economic, agricultural, industrial, development or other programmes aiming at improving life standards and co-ordination among the Agency, Competent Authorities and Parties concerned with the protection of the environment and conservation

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 8 of the quality, natural balance and consolidation of environmental awareness and principles of pollution control. 3. Development of natural resources and conservation of biological diversity in the region of the state and the exploitation of such resources with consideration of present and future generations. 4. Protection of society, human health and the health of other living creatures from activities and acts, which are environmentally harmful or impede authorized use of the environmental setting. 5. Protection of the State environment from the harmful effects of activities undertaken outside the region of the State. 6. Compliance with international and regional conventions ratified or approved by the State regarding environmental protection, control of pollution and conservation of natural resources. Section (1) Development and the Environment Chapter (1) Environmental Impact of Establishments

Article (3) The Agency, in consultation with the Competent Authorities and Concerned Parties shall set the standards, specifications, principles and regulations for the assessment of environmental impact of projects and establishments applying for license and shall specially undertake the following: 1. Identification of categories of projects, which due to their nature may cause harm to the environment. 2. Identification of areas and sites of special environmental importance or sensitivity such as historical and archaeological sites, wet lands, coral reefs, natural reservations and public parks. 3. Identification of natural resources and major environmental problems of special importance.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 9

Article (12) It is prohibited to hunt, kill or capture birds, wild and marine animals identified in lists bearing the numbers (1, 2 and 3) attached hereto. It is prohibited to possess, transport, wander with, sell or offer such birds or animals for sale, alive or dead, without obtaining a licence from the competent authorities. It is also prohibited to damage the nests or destroy the eggs of the said birds. The executive regulations shall determine the areas licensed for hunting, the conditions for licensing and the means of supervision that are necessary for the implementation of this Article. The Competent Minister may, in coordination with the Competent Authority, amend the three lists attached to this law by deletion, addition or transfer. Chapter 3 Environmental Monitoring

Article (18) Parties licensed to prospect, extract or exploit onshore or offshore oil and gas fields are prohibited from discharging any polluting substance resulting from drilling, exploring, testing of wells or producticn into the water environment or land area in the vicinity of activities referred to in this Article, unless safety measures to safeguard against causing harm to land

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 13 and water environments are adopted and the treatment of discharged waste and polluting substances by the most recent technical systems available in accordance with the conditions provided for in the approved regional and international conventions and protocols.

Article (24) 1. The owner, captain or any person in charge of the marine means of transportation, the persons responsible for the transportation of oil located within the seaports or the marine envirorment of the State and the officials of parties involved in oil extraction, shall immediately and in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the Executive Order, inform the Ports Authorities, Coast Guards and other Competent Authorities of any oil spillage accident and circumstances of the accident, the nature of the leaking substance and actions taken to stop or control the leakage. 2. In all cases, the Ports Authority and Coast Guards shall immediately inform the Agency and the Concerned Parties and provide complete information about the accident.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 15

Article (34) Marine means and marine establishments undertaking prospecting for exploring and exploiting natural and mineral resources in the marine environment and marine means using the seaports of the State shall not throw garbage or wastes in the marine environment and should deliver their garbage and wastes to the sites according to the conditions specified by

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 17 the Competent Authorities. The Competent Authorities of the seaports in cooperation with Coast Guards shall prepare and implement the plans for handling garbage or wastes and ensure that all marine means using the seaports of the State abide by the regulations stipulated in this Law and its Executive Order. Part Two Pollution from Land Sources

Article (44) The Competent Authorities in coordination and cooperation with the Agency, and Concerned Parties shall encourage efforts to develop and enhance reserves of the desert environment and attend to biological diversity and increasing the green area by using modern methods and technologies and make use of advanced technology that protects and develops agricultural areas. It is prohibited to undertake any activity that damages the quantity or quality of flora in any area, thus causing desertification or deformation of the natural environment and it is prohibited to cut, uproot or cause damage to any tree, shrub or grass without authorization from the Competent Authority, in coordination with the Agency.

Article (45) The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in coordination with the Competent Authorities, the Agency and other Concerned Parties in the State, shall establish regulatory orders for the following: 1. Types of pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural conditioners that may be produced, manufactured, imported, handled or used in the State.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 20 2. Conditions and specifications for the production, manufacture, importation, handling or use of these substances. 3. Procedures for registration and renewal of registration of these substances. 4. Conditions and specifications for sampling and methods of analysis and assessment of the results of analysis of these substances. 5. Methods for monitoring, assessment and treatment of pollution resulting from unsafe or incorrect handling or use of these substances.

Article (51) It is prohibited to spray or use pesticides or any other chemical compounds for agriculture, public health requirements or other purposes except after satisfying the conditions, controls and safeguares specified in the Executive Order to avoid the direct or indirect, immediate or late exposure of human, animal, plant, water courses or any other components of the environment to the harmful effects of such pesticides or chemical compounds. Article )52( All parties and individuals shall, at the time of exploration, drilling, construction, demolition or transportation of wastes or dusts produced as a result, during these activities, undertake the necessary precautions in addition to the precautions required for storage or safe transportation to prevent dispersion of such wastes and dusts as specified in the Executive Order.

Article (53) The emission of smoke, vapors and fumes resulting from burning of fuels or other substances at the time of exploration, drilling, extraction and production of crude oil, industry, generation of power, construction or any other commercial purpose shall be within the permissible limits, and the person in charge of such activity shall take the necessary precautions to reduce the amount of pollutants in combustion emissions and keep a registry in which measurements of the amounts of pollutants resulting from such combustion are recorded. The Executive Order shall specify the precautions and permissible limits for chimneys and other means of controlling smoke, gases and vapors emitted as a result of combustion, permissible limits for measuring the amounts of pollutants resulting from combustion and

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 22 the parties authorized to audit the recorded measurements.

Article (55) Enterprises and establishments shall ensure adequate ventilation in the work place and take the necessary precautions and measures to prevent the leakage or emission of air pollutants unless it is within the permissible limits specified in the Executive Order no matter whether the leakage is resulting from the normal practices of these establishments or malfunction in the equipments. Such enterprises and establishments shall also provide the necessary means of protection to the workers in accordance with conditions of safety and occupational health including choice of machines, equipments and suitable types of fuel, taking into consideration the time of exposure to such pollutants.

Article (61) Persons in charge of the production or handling of hazardous substances, whether in gas, liquid or solid states, shall take all the necessary precautions to ensure that no damage to the environment occurs. The Executive Order shall stipulate such precautions. The owner of the establishment undertaking activities resulting in the production of hazardous wastes according to this Law, shall keep a registry for such hazardous wastes, methods of disposal and the parties contracted to receive such wastes. The Executive Order shall indicate the information and the party authorized to review the registry to ensure that the information conforms with applied practices.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 24

Article (64) Works, activities and acts prohibited in reserve areas which may lead to damage or deterioration of the natural environment, cause harm to wild or marine life or affect their aesthetic value, shall be determined by a decree issued by the Competent Authorities in coordination with the Agency. The following shall be particularly prohibited: 1. Hunting, transporting, killing or harming wild and marine creatures or undertaking activities leading to their eradication. 2. Damaging or destroying geological or geographical formations or areas considered natural habitat to animal and plant species as a result of increase or growth of such species. 3. Introducing foreign species into the reserve. 4. Polluting the soil, water or air of the reserve. 5. Military maneuvers and shooting practices. 6. Cutting trees or eroding soil. 7. Amusements, recreation and sports functions which can kill or harm or have negative impact on natural life.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 25 8. All that can disturb the natural balance of such reserves. It is also prohibited to set up establishments, buildings or construct roads, drive vehicles or practice any agricultural, industrial or commercial activities in reserve areas without the permission of the Competent Authorities.

Article (67) The Agency shall, in coordination with tie Competent Authorities, undertake to supervise the activities required for the maintenance of reserves in the State and shall particularly undertake the Allowing: 1. Contributing to the preparation of programmes and studies needed for the development of the reserves. 2. Establishment of the standards and controls for monitoring environmental phenomena and confining and registering land and marine creatures in the reserves. 3. Coordination of activities for the management and development of the reserves. 4. Informing and educating the public about the objectives and purposes of the establishment of natural reserves. 5. Exchange of information and experience in this field with other countries, international organizations and Concerned Parties in the State. Article )68( Research centers, scientific institutions, universities and other specialized parties shall, in

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 26 coordination with the Agency take interest in the issues of biological diversity, preservation of the indigenous of species, conducting studies and research and proposing the controls and procedures to be followed for the preservation and investment in such species without leading to their depletion and protecting the moral, social and economic lawful rights of the State. Section seven Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damages Chapter One Judicial Control Authorities

Article (70) If the captain or the person in charge of a violating marine means of transportation wishes to leave the seaport urgently, the Judicial control officer shall collect an immediate fine on temporary basis for the account of enforcement of fine or compensation penalty, charged within the limits stipulated in this Law, provided that the fine stall not be less than the specified minimum penalty, in addition to all expanses and compensations determined by the Competent Authorities in agreement with the Agency for the removal of the effects of the violation. A bank letter of guarantee for the above amount may be accepted by the Competent

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 27 Authorities. Chapter Two Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damages

Article (73) Any person who violates the provisions of Articles (21), (27), (31), (62/1) and (62/3) of this Law, shall be punished by imprisonment and fine not less than One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 150,000) and not exceeding One Million Dirhams (Dh. 1,000,000). And, punishment by death or life imprisonment and fine not less than One Million Dirhams (Dh. 1,000,000) and not exceeding Ten Million Dirhams (Dh. 10,000,000) for any person who violates the provisions of Article (62/2) of this Law. And, any person who violates clauses (1) and (2) of Article (62) shall re- export the hazardous and nuclear wastes, subject of the criminal act, at his own expense. And, punishment by imprisonment for a period not less than two years and not exceeding five years, and fine not less than Two Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 200,000) and not

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 28 exceeding Five Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 500,000) or either of the two penalities, for any person who violates the provisions of Articles (18) and (58) of this Law. And, punishment by imprisonment and fine or either of the two penalties, if the acts of crime referred to under Article (21) concern fishing boats not exceeding seventy feet in length. Artilce )74( Any person who violates the provisions of Articles (24) and (26) of this Law, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not less than one year and fine not less than a Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 100,000) and not exceeding Five Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 500,000). Article )75( Any person who violates the provisions of Articles (25), (28), (32), (33) and (34) of this law, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not less than one year and not exceeding two years and fine not less than Ten Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 10,000) and not exceeding Two Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 200,000) or either of the two penalties. Article )76( Any person who violates the provisions of Articles (22) and (30) of this Law, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not less than six months and not exceeding one year and a fine not less than Two Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 2000) and not exceeding Ten Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 10,000) or either of the two penalties. Article )77( Any person, who causes pollution of drinking water or ground water, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not less than one year and fine not less than Five Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 5000) and not exceeding Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 100,000).

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 29 Article )78( Any person who violates the provisions of Articles (59), (60) and (61) of this Law, shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not less than one year and a fine not less than Ten Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 10,000) and not exceeding Twenty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 20,000) or either of the two penalties. Article )79( Any person who violates the provisions of Article (49) of this Law, shall be punished by fine not less than One Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 1000). Article )80( Any person who violates the provisions of Article (51) of this Law, shall be punished by fine not less than Ten Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 10,000) and not exceeding Fifty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 50,000). Article )81( Any person who violates the provisions of Article (35) of this Law, shall be punished by fine not less than Ten Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 10,000) and not exceeding Hundred Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 100,000). Article )82( Any person who violates the provisions of Articles (48), (50), ((53), (54) and (55) of this Law, shall be punished by fine not less than Two Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 2000) and not exceeding Twenty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 20,000). Article )83( Any person who violates the provisions of Article (12) of this Law, shall be punished by imprisonment and fine not less than Two Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 2000) and not exceeding Twenty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 20,000) or either of the two penalties and the confiscation of the captured birds and animals.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 30 Article )83( In addition to the seizure of captured birds and animals, any person who violates the provisions of Article (12) and clause (1) of Article (64) of this law shall be punished by: 1. Imprisonment for a period of no less than six months and a fine of no less than twenty thousand Dirhams if the crime involves any of the species included in the first list attached hereto. 2. Imprisonment for a period of no less than three months and a fine of no less than ten thousand Dirhams or either punishment if the crime involves any of the species included in the second list attached hereto. 3. Imprisonment for a period of no less than one month and a fine of no less than five thousand Dirhams or either punishment if the crime involves any of the species included in the third list attached hereto. Article )84( Any person who violates the provisions of Article (43) of this Law, shall be punished by fine not less than One Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 1000) and not exceeding Twenty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 20,000). Article )85( Any person who violates the provisions of Article (66) of this Law, shall be punished by fine not less than Five Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 5000) and not exceeding Twenty Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 20,000). Article )86( Violation of any other provisions of this Law, shall be punishable by fine not less than Five Hundred Dirhams (Dh. 500) and not exceeding Ten Thousand Dirhams (Dh. 10,000). Article )87( The application of the penalties stipulated in this Law shall not contravene any more severe

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 31 penalties stipulated in another Law. Article )88( In the event of repetition of the crimes stipulated in this Law, the penalties determined for such crimes shall be doubled. Article )89( The penalties stipulated in this Law shall not be applied in the event of pollution resulting from: 1. Securing the safety of the marine means of transportation or safety of lives onboard. 2. Unloading as a result of damage to the marine means of transportation or any of its equipments provided that such damage did not occur with the knowledge of the captain or the person in charge and was not intentional or a result of negligence and provided that in any case the captain or person in charge of the means shall take all precautions for preventing or reducing the effects of pollution, before and after the occurrence of the damage and inform the ports authorities immediately. 3. A sudden break in a pipeline carrying oil or oil mixture, during working operations, drilling, exploration or testing of wells, and not resulting from negligence in the monitoring or maintenance of the lines, and provided that sufficient precautions to monitor operations of the lines and immediately control pollution and its source. Article )90( The court located in the area where the crime occurred, shall decide on all crimes stipulated in this Law, if the crime occurred in a marine means of transportation of any nationality or kind within the marine environment of the State and the court shall quickly decide on the case. Criminal courts of the capital shall decide on crimes committed by marine means of transportation raising the flag of the State outside the marine environment of the State.

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Federal Law No. (24) of 1999 Concerning the Protection and Development of the Environment 32 Section Nine Final Provisions

Article (101) This Law shall be published in the official gazette and shall come into force after three months of its publication. Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan President of the United Arab Emirates Passed by us in the presidential palace in Abu Dhabi, On: 8 / Rajab / 1420 AH. Corresponding to: 17 October 1999.

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Annex 1 Appendix I Scientific Name Common Name Arabic Name (Mammals) Lepus capensis Cape Hare Gazella subgutturosa Goitred (Sand) Gazelle Gazella gazelle cora Arabian gazelle (Edmi) Oryx leucoryx Arabian Oryx Hemitragus jayakari Arabian Tahr Caracal caracal Caracal Panthera pardus nimr Arabian Leopard (Birds) Falco cherrug Saker Falcon Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Chlamydotis macqueeni Houbara Bustard Cursorius cursor Cream coloured Courser

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Pterocles exustus Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse (Reptiles) caretta Caretta Turtle Loggerhead mydus Chelonia Green turtles imbricata Eretmochelys Turtle Hawksbill coriacea Dermochelys leatherback Annex 2 Appendix II Scientific Name Common Name Arabic Name (Mammals) Paraechinus aethiopicus Desert Hedgehog Hemiechinus hypomelas Brandt's Hedgehog Procavia capensis Rock Hyrax Vulpes vulpes Red Fox Canis lupus Wolf

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Vulpes rueppelli Sand Fox Hyaena hyaena Striped Hyena Felis silvestris gordoni Gordon's Wild Cat Felis margarita Sand cat Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose Vulpes cana Blanford's Fox (Birds) Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Podiceps nigricollis Black necked Grebe Puffinus griseus Sooty Shearwater Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma lecorhoa Leach's Storm Petrel Sula dactylatra Masked Booby

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Sula sula Red-footed Booby Sula leucogaster Brown Booby Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Botaurus stellaris Bittern Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Bittern Nycticorax nycticorax Night Heron Butorides striatus Striated Heron Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron Egretta gularis Western Reef Heron Egretta alba Great Egret Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Ciconia nigra Black Stork

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Ciconia ciconia White Stork Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Platalea leucorodia Spoonbill Cygnus olor Mute Swan Cygnus columbianus Bewick's Swan Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan Anser albifrons White-fronted Goose Anser anser Greylag Goose Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna tadorna Shelduck Anas penelope Wigeon Anas strepera Gadwall Anas crecca Teal Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Anas acuta Pintail

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Anas clypeata Shoveler Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard Aythya ferina Pochard Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser Pernis ptilorhyncus Crested Honey Buzzard Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite Milvus migrans Black Kite Haliaeetus lecoryphus Pallas's Fish Eagle Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture Circaetus gallicus Short toed Eagle Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier Circus cyaneus Hen Harrier Circus pygargus Montagu's Harrier

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Accipiter gentilis Goshawk Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter badius Shikra Butastur teesa White-eyed Buzzard Buteo buteo vulpinus Steppe Buzzard Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard Aquila pomarina Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus Bonelli's Eagle Falco tinnunculus Kestrel Falco amurensis Amur Falcon Falco columbarius Merlin

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Falco subbuteo Hobby Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon Falco pelegrinoides Barbary Falcon Alectoris chukar Chukar Ammoperdix heyi Sand Partridge Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Grey Francolin Coturnix coturnix Quail Rallus aquaticus Water Rail Porzana porzana Spotted Crake Porzana parva Little Crake Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Gallinule Fulica atra Coot

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Fulica cristata Red-knobbed Coot Grus grus Common Crane Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet Burhinus oedicnemus Stone Curlew Glareola pratincola Collared Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole Glareola nordmanni Black-winged Pratincole Glareola lactea Little Pratincole Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover Charadrius pecuarius Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover

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Charadrius asiaticus Caspian Plover Eudromias morinellus Dotterel Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Vanellus leucurus White-tailed Plover Vanellus vanellus Lapwing Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot Calidris canutus Red Knot Calidris alba Sanderling Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Calidris minuta Little Stint Calidris temminckii Temminck's Stint Calidris subminuta Long toed Stint Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper

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Calidris alpina Dunlin Philomachus pugnax Ruff Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe Gallinago gallinago Snipe Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe Scolopax rusticola Woodcock Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Numenius arquata Curlew Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank Tringa totanus Redshank Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Tringa nebularia Greenshank

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Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Tringa cinerea Terek Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Arenaria interpres Turnstone Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Grey Phalarope Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Skua Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Skua Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Skua Larus leucophthalmus White-eyed Gull Larus ichthyaetus Great Black-headed Gull Larus genei Slender-billed Gull Sterna caspia Caspian Tern

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Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern Sterna albifrons Little Tern Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern Tyto alba Barn Owl Otus brucei Striated Scops Owl Otus scops Scops Owl Athene noctua Little Owl Asio otus Long-eared Owl Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl Caprimulgus mahrattensis Syke's Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius Egyptian Nightjar Calandrella rufescens Lesser Short-toed Lark Pycnonotus xanthopygos Yellow-vented Bulbul

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Hypocolius ampelinus Grey Hypocolius Irania gutturalis White-throated Robin Oenanthe finschii Finsch's Wheatear Oenanthe xanthoprymna Red-tailed Wheatear Oenanthe picata Eastern Pied Wheatear Oenanthe monacha Hooded Wheatear Oenanthe alboniger Hume's Wheatear Hippolais languida Upcher's Warbler Sylvia mystacea Menetries' Warbler Sylvia minula Desert Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia althaea Hume's Lesser Whitethroat Phylloscopus schwarzi Radde's Warbler Phylloscopus neglectus Plain Leaf Warbler

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Puffinus persicus Persian Shearwater Phaethon aethereus Red-billed Tropicbird Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Socotra Cormorant Pelecanus onocrotalus White Pelican Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose Anas querquedula Ferruginous Duck Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck Pernis apivorus European Honey Buzzard Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane Himantopus himantopus Black winged Stilt Dromas ardeola Crab Plover Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover

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Vanellus gregarius Sociable Plover Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Gallinago media Great Snipe Larus hemprichii Sooty Gull Sterna bergii Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern Sterna repressa White-cheeked Tern Sterna anaethetus Bridled Tern Sterna saundersi Saunders' Little Tern Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher Coracias garrulus European Roller Hippolais caligata Booted Warbler Ficedula semitorquata Semi-collared Flycatcher Turdoides squamiceps Arabian Babbler

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Carpospiza brachydactyla Pale Rock Sparrow Emberiza cineracea Cinereous Bunting Crex crex Corn Crake Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Lesser Flamingo Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture Torgos tracheliotus Lappet faced Vulture Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle Pandion haliaetus Osprey Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel Falco concolor Sooty Falcon

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Bubo bubo (ascalaphus) Desert Eagle Owl (Reptiles) Uromastyx aegyptia Spiny-tailed Lizard Varanus griseus Desert Monitor Annex 3 Appendix III Scientific Name Common Name Arabic Name (Mammals) Suncus etruscus Savi's Pigmy Shrew Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat Rhinopoma muscatellum Muscat Mouse-tailed Bat Triaenops Persicus Persian Leaf-nosed Bat Jaculus jaculus Lesser Jerboa Acomys cahirinus Egyptian Spiny Mouse Meriones arimalius Arabian Jird

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(Birds) Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Ardeola grayii Indian Pond Heron Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Egretta garzetta Little Egret Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose Nettapus coromandelianus Cotton Teal Amuarornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Gallinula chloropus Moorhen Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Larus melanocephalus Mediterranean Gull Larus minutus Little Gull

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Xema sabini Sabine's Gull Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus Brown-headed Gull Larus canus Common Gull Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed (Baltic) Gull Larus heuglini Siberian Gull Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake (Kittiwake) Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern Sterna dougallii Roseate tern Sterna hirundo Common Tern Sterna paradisea Arctic Tern Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern

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Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Chlidonias niger Black Tern Anous tenuirostris Lesser Noddy Anous stolidus Common Noddy Pterocles lichtensteinii Lichtenstein's Sandgrouse Pterocles senegallus Spotted Sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis Black-bellied Sandgrouse Columba oenas Stock Dove Columba livia Rock Dove Columba palumbus Woodpigeon Streptopelia decaocto Collared Dove Streptopelia turtur Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove

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Oena capensis Namaqua Dove Psittacula krameri Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet Cuculus canorus Cuckoo Eudynamys scolopacea Indian Koel Apus apus Common Swift Apus pallidus Pallid Swift Apus melba Alpine Swift Apus pacificus Pacific Swift Apus affinis Little Swift Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala Grey-headed Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher Merops albicollis White-throated Bee-eater

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Merops orientalis Little Green Bee eater Merops persicus Blue cheeked Bee eater Merops apiaster European Bee eater Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Upupa epops Hoopoe Jynx torquilla Wryneck Eremopterix nigriceps Black-crowned Finch Lark Eremalauda dunni Dunn's Lark Ammomanes cincturus Bar-Tailed Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti Desert Lark Alaemon alaudipes Hoopoe Lark Melanocorypha calandra Calandra Lark Melanocorypha bimaculata Bimaculated Lark

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Calandrella brachydactyla Short-toed lark Galerida cristata Crested Lark Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark Alauda arvensis Skylark Eremophila bilopha Temminck's Horned Lark Riparia paludicola Brown-throated Martin Riparia riparia Sand Martin Riparia diluta Pale Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula African Rock Martin Hirundo obsoleta Pale Crag Martin Hirundo rupestris Crag Martin Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow

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Petrochelidon fluvicola Indian Cliff swallow Delichon urbica House Martin Delichon dasypus Asiatic House Martin Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit Anthus godlewskii Blyth's Pipit Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit Anthus similis Long-billed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit Anthus pratensis Meadow Pipit Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit Anthus rubescens Buff bellied Pipit Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit Dendronanthus indicus Forest Wagtail Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail

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Motacilla (f.) feldegg Black-headed Wagtail Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Motacilla alba White Wagtail Motacilla (a) personata Masked Wagtail Pycnonotus leucogenys White-cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Cercotrichas galactotes Rufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas podobe Black Bush Robin Erithacus rubecula Robin Luscinia luscinia Thrush Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos Nightingale Luscinia svecica Bluethroat

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Phoenicurus erythronotus Eversmann's Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus samamisicus Ehrenberg's Redstart Cercomela melanura Blackstart Saxicola rubetra Whinchat Saxicola torquata Stonechat Saxicola torquata maura Siberian Stonechat Saxicola caprata Pied Stonechat Oenanthe isabellina Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka Pied Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Black-eared Wheatear

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Oenanthe deserti Desert Wheatear Oenanthe lugens Mourning Wheatear Oenanthe leucopyga White-crowned Black Wheatear Monticola saxatilis Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel Turdus merula Blackbird Turdus obscurus Eye-browed Thrush Turdus naumanni Dusky Thrush Turdus ruficollis Black-throated Thrush Turdus pilaris Fieldfare Turdus philomelos Song Thrush Turdus iliacus Redwing Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush

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Cettia cetti Cetti's Warbler Prinia gracilis Graceful Warbler Scotocerca inquieta Scrub Warbler Locustella naevia Grasshopper Warbler Locustella fluviatilis River Warbler Locustella luscinioides Savi's Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus agricola Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus palustris Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus fuscus Eastern Reed Warbler

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Acrocephalus stentoreus Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler Hippolais pallida Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais rama Syke's Warbler Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler Sylvia nana Desert Warbler Sylvia hortensis Orphean Warbler Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia communis Whitethroat Sylvia borin Garden Warbler Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap Phylloscopus nitidus Green Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler

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Phylloscopus humei Hume's Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler Phylloscopus collybita Chiffchaff Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler Muscicapa cyanomelana Blue & White Flycatcher Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher Ficedula parva Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca Pied Flycatcher Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole Lanius isabellinus Isabelline Shrike Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike

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lanius vittatus Bay-backed Shrike Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis Southern Grey Shrike Lanius pallidirostris Steppe Grey Shrike Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike Lanius nubicus Masked Shrike Dicrurus adsimilis Black Drongo Corvus splendens House Crow Corvus macrorhynchus Large-billed Crow Corvus ruficollis Brown-necked Raven Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Amethyst Starling Sturnus vulgaris Starling Sturnus roseus Rose-coloured Starling

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Creatophora cineracea Wattled Starling Sturnus contra Pied Mynah Acridotheres tristis Common Mynah Sturnus pagodarum Brahminy Mynah Acridotheres ginginianus Bank Mynah Passer domesticus House Sp