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Yes. A mainland LLC incorporated in Dubai (or elsewhere in the UAE) is a resident taxable person for corporate tax purposes and is within scope. It must register with the Federal Tax Authority, keep proper accounting records, and file an annual corporate tax return. On its taxable income, the standard rates apply: 0% on the first AED 375,000 and 9% on taxable income above AED 375,000. Unlike free zone entities, a mainland company does not have access to the 0% Qualifying Free Zone Person regime, so its profits above the threshold are generally taxed at 9%. Eligible smaller mainland businesses may instead claim Small Business Relief where their revenue does not exceed AED 3,000,000 in the relevant and prior tax periods, in which case no tax is payable for that period (though registration and the election are still required). Allowable deductions reduce taxable profit before the rate is applied. To confirm your registration deadline and compute your liability, check the FTA's EmaraTax portal or speak to a qualified UAE tax adviser. Verified UAE legal professionals are listed on LEXAI.

It depends on who earns the income and how. For an individual, income from personal real estate investment is generally outside the scope of UAE corporate tax where the activity does not require a licence and does not amount to carrying on a business — so a person earning rent from personally owned property is typically not taxed under corporate tax on that rent. By contrast, where property is held and rented through a company, or as part of a licensed business activity, the rental income is generally part of the business's taxable income and subject to the standard 0%/9% rates. For free zone companies, income from immovable property can affect Qualifying Free Zone Person treatment, and income from certain property may fall outside the 0% qualifying income. The distinction between personal investment and a business activity is fact-specific. Because the treatment turns on your structure and licence, confirm whether your rental income is in scope with the Federal Tax Authority or a qualified UAE tax adviser. You can compare verified UAE legal professionals on LEXAI who advise on real estate and tax.

Businesses within the scope of UAE corporate tax must keep records and documents that support the information in their tax return and allow the Federal Tax Authority (FTA) to verify their taxable income. In practice this means maintaining proper accounting books and financial statements, along with supporting documents such as invoices, contracts, bank statements, and records of related-party transactions for transfer pricing purposes. Records generally must be retained for a set number of years after the end of the relevant tax period so the FTA can audit them within its assessment window. Some taxable persons — for example, certain free zone companies and businesses above a revenue level — are required to prepare and, in some cases, have audited financial statements. Keeping accurate records is also what enables you to claim deductions, carry forward tax losses, and support exemptions. Failing to maintain required records can lead to administrative penalties. Because the exact retention period and audit requirements are set by the corporate tax law and FTA decisions, confirm the current rules with the FTA or a qualified UAE tax adviser. Verified UAE legal professionals are listed on LEXAI.

Yes. A free zone company keeps the 0% rate only as a Qualifying Free Zone Person (QFZP), and that status depends on meeting all the conditions throughout the period. If it breaches a condition — for example, by failing to maintain adequate substance in the UAE, earning more than the permitted level of non-qualifying revenue (the de minimis limit), not complying with transfer pricing or documentation requirements, failing to prepare audited financial statements, or deriving income that is not qualifying income — it can cease to be a QFZP. Losing QFZP status generally means the company is taxed at the standard 0%/9% rates, and the loss can apply not just for the current tax period but for a number of following tax periods as well. A free zone company can also elect out of the regime voluntarily. Because the conditions and the de minimis rules are detailed and set by Ministerial decision, a QFZP should monitor compliance carefully and confirm any borderline situation with the Federal Tax Authority or a qualified UAE tax adviser. You can compare verified UAE legal professionals on LEXAI.

A foreign company that operates in the UAE through a branch or other permanent establishment is generally a non-resident taxable person for corporate tax purposes, and the income attributable to that UAE permanent establishment is subject to UAE corporate tax at the standard rates — 0% on the first AED 375,000 of attributable taxable income and 9% above that. The branch must register with the Federal Tax Authority and file returns covering its UAE-source business profits. A UAE branch of a UAE company is treated as part of the same legal person rather than a separate taxable person. Whether a foreign company has a taxable presence depends on having a fixed place of business or a dependent agent in the UAE, as defined in the corporate tax law. Non-residents may also be taxed on certain UAE-sourced income even without a permanent establishment, subject to the rules and any applicable double tax treaty. Because permanent establishment and treaty questions are technical, confirm your branch's position with the FTA or a qualified UAE tax adviser. Verified UAE legal professionals are listed on LEXAI.

A tax group lets two or more UAE resident companies that meet the conditions be treated as a single taxable person for corporate tax purposes, filing one consolidated corporate tax return instead of separate returns. To form a tax group, a parent company and its subsidiaries generally must meet ownership and control requirements (typically the parent holding a high minimum percentage of the subsidiary's share capital, voting rights, and profit entitlement), share the same financial year and accounting standards, and none of the members can be an exempt person or a Qualifying Free Zone Person. Within a tax group, intra-group transactions are generally eliminated on consolidation, and the group applies the rate schedule (0% up to AED 375,000 and 9% above) to its combined taxable income, with the threshold applied once for the group. Grouping can simplify compliance and allow profits and losses of members to be offset, but it also makes members jointly liable for the group's corporate tax. Because the conditions are precise, confirm eligibility with the Federal Tax Authority or a qualified UAE tax adviser. You can compare verified UAE legal professionals on LEXAI.

A UAE holding company is a taxable person for corporate tax purposes and must register and file, but much of a pure holding company's income can be exempt in practice. Dividends received from UAE subsidiaries are generally exempt, and dividends and capital gains from qualifying shareholdings in other companies (including foreign ones) can be exempt under the participation exemption when the conditions — such as a minimum ownership level and holding period — are met. This means a holding company whose income is mainly qualifying dividends and gains may have little or no taxable income, though it still has registration and filing obligations. Income that falls outside these exemptions, such as certain interest, service fees, or non-qualifying gains, is taxed at the standard 0%/9% rates. A free zone holding company may also need to satisfy the Qualifying Free Zone Person conditions to keep the 0% rate. Because the participation exemption conditions are specific and set by the corporate tax law and decisions, confirm whether your holding income qualifies with the Federal Tax Authority or a qualified UAE tax adviser. Verified UAE legal professionals are listed on LEXAI.

No. Corporate tax and VAT are two separate taxes in the UAE, and corporate tax does not replace VAT — both can apply to the same business at the same time. VAT is a consumption tax charged on most goods and services at a standard rate of 5%, introduced in 2018; businesses collect it from customers and remit it to the Federal Tax Authority, with registration required once taxable supplies exceed the mandatory VAT threshold. Corporate tax, introduced for financial years starting on or after 1 June 2023, is a tax on a business's net profit at 0% up to AED 375,000 and 9% above that. A business can therefore be registered for both, filing periodic VAT returns and an annual corporate tax return separately, each with its own registration, deadlines, and records. They are administered by the same authority (the FTA) but under different laws. Because your VAT and corporate tax obligations are independent, check both through the FTA's EmaraTax portal. If you need help managing both, you can compare verified UAE legal professionals and tax advisers on LEXAI.

Failing to meet your UAE corporate tax obligations exposes you to administrative penalties imposed by the Federal Tax Authority (FTA). Penalties can apply for several separate failures: not registering by your deadline, filing the corporate tax return late, paying the tax late, failing to keep required records, and submitting incorrect or incomplete information. These penalties are set out in the Cabinet decision on corporate tax administrative penalties and are in addition to the tax itself, so non-compliance can become significantly more expensive than the original liability. The FTA also has powers to assess tax, conduct audits, and recover amounts due. In serious cases involving tax evasion, more severe consequences can apply under the law. To avoid penalties, register before your deadline, file each return within the nine-month window after your tax period ends, pay any tax due on time, and keep proper records. If you have already missed an obligation, acting quickly limits how much accrues. Because penalty amounts and any relief initiatives are set and updated by the FTA, confirm the current position with the FTA or a qualified UAE tax adviser. Verified UAE legal professionals are listed on LEXAI.

Yes. In the UAE, the supply of commercial property — whether sold or leased — is generally subject to VAT at the standard rate of 5%, administered by the Federal Tax Authority (FTA). Commercial property covers offices, retail units, warehouses, hotels and similar non-residential real estate. This is different from residential property, which is treated separately under the VAT framework. The VAT-registered seller or landlord normally charges 5% on the price or rent and accounts for it to the FTA, while a VAT-registered buyer using the property for taxable business activity may be able to recover that VAT as input tax. To handle a commercial property transaction correctly, confirm the parties' VAT registration status, ensure tax invoices are issued, and check whether any special treatment (such as a transfer of a going concern or a designated-zone location) applies. Because each deal turns on facts, register or confirm details with the FTA and, if the contract is significant, you can compare verified UAE legal and tax professionals on LEXAI to review the structure before signing.